“The Combat of Champions from Shah Ramin’s and Saruyah’s Armies"
Fol. 215v-216r from a manuscript of Tuhfet ul-Leta’if

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This double-page illustration from the Tuhfet ul-Leta’if depicts a battle between the armies of Shah Ramim and the king of Iraq, Saruyah. Such contests are common in Islamic epic tradition; a famous example is the “Battle of the Twelve Rukhs” from the Shahnameh, pitting Iranian and Turanian champions against one another.